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The Cali Cartel was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca Department. Its founders were the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, Gilberto and Miguel, and José Santacruz Londoño, also known as "Chepe". They broke away from Pablo Escobar and his Medellin associates in the late 1980s when Hélmer Herrera, also known as "Pacho", joined what became a four-man executive board that ran the cartel.〔Rempel, William (2011). ''At the Devil's Table: The Untold Story of the Insider Who Brought Down the Cali Cartel''; Random House Pub.〕 With connections to British mercenaries, allies among countries, countless spies and informants in the government and its vast intelligence and surveillance network throughout the city of Santiago de Cali, the cartel was once renowned and compared to the Russian KGB by the American DEA, calling it "The most powerful crime syndicate in history", later called "The Cali KGB". At the height of the Cali Cartel's reign, they were cited as having control over 90% of the world's cocaine market and for being directly responsible for the growth of the cocaine market in Europe, controlling 90% of the market.〔 By the mid-1990s, the trafficking empire of the Cali Cartel was a multibillion-dollar enterprise.〔 ==Foundation== The Cali Cartel was formed by the Rodriguez brothers and Santacruz, all coming from what is described as a higher social background than most other traffickers of the time. The recognition of this social background was displayed in the group's nickname as "Cali's Gentlemen." The group originally assembled as a ring of kidnappers known as ''Las Chemas'', which was led by Luis Fernando Tamayo Garcia. Las Chemas were implicated in numerous kidnappings including that of two Swiss citizens, a diplomat Herman Buff and a student, Zack '' Jazz Milis'' Martin. They reportedly received $700,000 dollars in ransom, which is believed to have gone on to fund their drug trafficking empire. The assembled group first involved itself in trafficking marijuana. Due to the product's low profit rate, and larger amount required to traffic to cover resources, the fledgling group decided to shift their focus to a more lucrative drug, cocaine.〔 In the early 1970s the cartel sent Helmer "Pacho" Herrera to New York City to establish a distribution center. This action came during a time when the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was not fully pursuing cocaine, and viewed the drug as less critical than heroin, at one point releasing a report stating of cocaine "it is not physically addictive ... and does not usually result in serious consequences, such as crime, hospital emergency room admissions or both."〔 The Cali Cartel leadership was made up by Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela ''El Ajedrecista'' (The Chess Player), Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela ''El Señor'' (The Lord), José Santacruz Londoño ''El Estudiante'' (The Student), or ''Chepe Santacruz'', Jorge Alberto Rodriguez "Don Cholito", Helmer Herrera Buitrago ''Pacho''. Some top associates were Victor Patiño-Fomeque ''El Quimico'' (The Chemist) or ''La Fiera'' (The Beast), Henry Loaiza Ceballos ''El Alacrán'' (The Scorpion), and Phanor Arizabaleta-Arzayus.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DEA - Publications - Major Traffickers and Their Organizations )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cali Cartel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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